Computer Crimes Law
The Computer Crimes Law was approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament) in 1388 [2009] for the purpose of determining the instances of criminal use of computer and telecommunication systems. The general provisions of the Computer Crimes Law bill were approved on 27 Aban 1387 [17 November 2008] with 176 votes in favor, 3 votes against, and 2 abstentions. After the objections raised by the Guardian Council to this law were resolved, the Computer Crimes Law was confirmed by the Guardian Council on 7 Tir 1388 [28 June 2009], and the President communicated it for implementation on 10 Tir.
The Computer Crimes Law is arranged in 5 Parts and 55 Articles. Imprisonment and a cash fine, or both penalties, are the punishments prescribed for the perpetrators of these crimes.
Part One - Crimes and Punishments
Part Two - Rules of Procedure
Part Three - Other Provisions
Part One - Crimes and Punishments
Chapter One - Crimes Against the Confidentiality of Data and Computer and Telecommunication SystemsSection One - Unauthorized Access
Article 1) Anyone who gains unauthorized access to data or computer or telecommunication systems protected by security measures shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to one year, or a cash fine of from five to twenty million Rials, or both penalties.
Section Two - Unauthorized Interception
Article 2) Anyone who unlawfully intercepts the content of non-public communications being transmitted over computer or telecommunication systems or electromagnetic or optical waves shall be sentenced to imprisonment from six months to two years, or a cash fine of from ten to forty million Rials, or both penalties.
Section Three - Computer Espionage
Article 3) Anyone who unlawfully commits the following acts with respect to secret data being transmitted or stored in computer or telecommunication systems or data carriers shall be sentenced to the prescribed punishments:
a- Accessing or obtaining the said data, or intercepting secret content being transmitted, shall be punished by imprisonment from one to three years, or a cash fine of from twenty to sixty million Rials, or both penalties.
b- Making the said data available to unauthorized persons shall be punished by imprisonment from two to ten years.
c- Disclosing or making the said data available to a foreign state, organization, company, or group, or their agents, shall be punished by imprisonment from five to fifteen years.
Note 1 - Secret data is data whose disclosure would harm the security of the country or the national interest.
Note 2 - The bylaw on the manner of determining and identifying secret data and the manner of classifying and protecting it shall, within three months from the date this Law is approved, be prepared by the Ministry of Intelligence in cooperation with the Ministries of Justice, Interior, Communications and Information Technology, and Defense and Armed Forces Logistics, and shall be approved by the Council of Ministers.
Article 4) Anyone who, with intent to access the secret data referred to in Article (3) of this Law, breaches the security measures of computer or telecommunication systems shall be sentenced to imprisonment from six months to two years, or a cash fine of from ten to forty million Rials, or both penalties.
Article 5) Where government agents responsible for safeguarding the secret data set out in Article (3) of this Law, or the related systems, who have been given the necessary training, or to whom the said data or systems have been entrusted, cause, through carelessness, negligence, or failure to observe security measures, unauthorized persons to gain access to the said data, data carriers, or systems, they shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to two years, or a cash fine of from five to forty million Rials, or both penalties, and dismissal from service from six months to two years.
Chapter Two - Crimes Against the Integrity of Data and Computer and Telecommunication Systems
Section One - Computer Forgery
Article 6) Anyone who unlawfully commits the following acts shall be deemed a forger and sentenced to imprisonment from one to five years, or a cash fine of from twenty to one hundred million Rials, or both penalties:
a- Altering citable data, or fraudulently creating or inputting data,
b- Altering data or marks contained in memory cards or data processable in computer or telecommunication systems or chips, or fraudulently creating or inputting data or marks therein.
Article 7) Anyone who, knowing that data, cards, or chips are forged, uses them shall be sentenced to the punishment set out in the preceding Article.
Section Two - Damage to and Disruption of Data or Computer and Telecommunication Systems
Article 8) Anyone who unlawfully deletes, damages, disrupts, or renders unprocessable another person's data in computer or telecommunication systems or data carriers shall be sentenced to imprisonment from six months to two years, or a cash fine of from ten to forty million Rials, or both penalties.
Article 9) Anyone who, by unlawfully performing acts such as inputting, transmitting, broadcasting, deleting, halting, manipulating, or destroying data or electromagnetic or optical waves, disables another's computer or telecommunication systems or disrupts their functioning, shall be sentenced to imprisonment from six months to two years, or a cash fine of from ten to forty million Rials, or both penalties.
Article 10) Anyone who unlawfully, by performing acts such as concealing data or changing a password or encrypting data, prevents authorized persons from accessing data or computer or telecommunication systems shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to one year, or a cash fine of from five to twenty million Rials, or both penalties.
Article 11) Anyone who, with intent to endanger public security or public peace, commits the acts referred to in Articles (8), (9), and (10) of this Law against computer or telecommunication systems used for providing essential public services, such as medical, water, electricity, gas, telecommunications, transportation, and banking services, shall be sentenced to imprisonment from three to ten years.
Chapter Three - Computer-Related Theft and Fraud
Article 12) Anyone who unlawfully steals data belonging to another shall, if the original data remains in the possession of its owner, be sentenced to a cash fine of from one to twenty million Rials, and otherwise, to imprisonment from ninety-one days to one year, or a cash fine of from five to twenty million Rials, or both penalties.
Article 13) Anyone who unlawfully, by committing acts such as inputting, altering, erasing, creating, or halting data, or disrupting a system, obtains money, property, benefit, services, or financial privileges for himself/herself or another, from computer or telecommunication systems, shall, in addition to restitution of the property to its owner, be sentenced to imprisonment from one to five years, or a cash fine of from twenty to one hundred million Rials, or both penalties.
Chapter Four - Crimes Against Public Chastity and Morality
Article 14) Anyone who, by means of computer or telecommunication systems or data carriers, produces, sends, publishes, distributes, or trades obscene content, or produces, stores, or keeps it with intent to send, publish, or trade it, shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to two years, or a cash fine of from five to forty million Rials, or both penalties.
Note 1 - The commission of the above acts in respect of indecent content shall result in conviction to at least one of the above punishments. Indecent content and works refer to works containing obscene scenes and images.
Note 2 - Where obscene content is sent to fewer than ten persons, the offender shall be sentenced to a cash fine of from one to five million Rials.
Note 3 - Where the offender has made the commission of the acts referred to in this Article his/her profession, or commits them in an organized manner, then, provided he/she is not found to be a mofsed-e-fel-arz (corrupt on earth), he/she shall be sentenced to the maximum of both punishments prescribed in this Article.
Note 4 - Obscene content refers to a real or unreal image, sound, or text depicting the complete nudity of a man or woman, or the genitals, or human intercourse or sexual acts.
Article 15) Anyone who, through computer or telecommunication systems or data carriers, commits the following acts shall be punished as follows:
a- Where, for the purpose of enabling persons to access obscene content, he/she incites, encourages, threatens, entices, or deceives them, or facilitates or teaches the method of accessing it, he/she shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to one year, or a cash fine of from five to twenty million Rials, or both penalties; the commission of these acts in respect of indecent content shall result in a cash fine of from two to five million Rials.
b- Where he/she incites, encourages, threatens, invites, or deceives persons into committing offenses against chastity, or the use of narcotic or psychotropic substances, or suicide, or sexual deviations, or violent acts, or facilitates or teaches the method of committing or using them, he/she shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to one year, or a cash fine of from five to twenty million Rials, or both penalties.
Note - The provisions of this Article and Article (10) shall not apply to that category of content which is prepared, produced, kept, presented, distributed, published, or traded for scientific purposes or any other reasonable and legitimate purpose.
Chapter Five - Defamation and Dissemination of Falsehoods
Article 16) Anyone who, by means of computer or telecommunication systems, alters or distorts another's film, sound, or image, and publishes it, or publishes it knowing it to have been altered or distorted, in a manner that, by common understanding, constitutes defamation of that person, shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to two years, or a cash fine of from five to forty million Rials, or both penalties.
Note - Where the alteration or distortion is of an obscene nature, the offender shall be sentenced to the maximum of both prescribed punishments.
Article 17) Anyone who, by means of computer or telecommunication systems, publishes or makes available to others a private or family sound, image, or film, or other secrets, without that person's consent, in a manner that results in harm or, by common understanding, constitutes defamation of that person, shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to two years, or a cash fine of from five to forty million Rials, or both penalties.
Article (18) Anyone who, with intent to cause harm to another or to disturb public opinion or official authorities, publishes falsehoods by means of a computer or telecommunication system, or makes them available to others, or, with the same intent, attributes acts contrary to the truth, directly or as a quotation, explicitly or implicitly, to a natural or legal person or to official authorities - regardless of whether material or moral harm is thereby caused to another - shall, in addition to restoration of reputation, be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to two years, or a cash fine of from five to forty million Rials, or both penalties.
Chapter Six - Criminal Liability of Persons
Article (19) In the following cases, where computer crimes are committed in the name of a legal person and for its benefit, the legal person shall bear criminal liability:
a- Where the manager of the legal person commits a computer crime.
b- Where the manager of the legal person issues an order to commit a computer crime and the crime occurs.
c- Where one of the employees of the legal person commits a computer crime with the manager's knowledge or as a result of the manager's failure to supervise.
d- Where all or part of the legal person's activity is devoted to the commission of computer crime.
Note 1 - "Manager" means a person who has the authority to represent, decide for, or supervise the legal person.
Note 2 - The criminal liability of the legal person shall not preclude the punishment of the perpetrator.
Article (21) The legal persons referred to in the preceding Article shall, having regard to the circumstances of the crime committed, the amount of income, and the results obtained from the commission of the crime, be sentenced, in addition to three to six times the maximum cash fine for the crime committed, in accordance with the following:
a- Where the maximum term of imprisonment for that crime is up to five years, temporary closure of the legal person from one to nine months, and, in the event of repetition of the crime, temporary closure of the legal person from one to five years.
b- Where the maximum term of imprisonment for that crime exceeds five years, temporary closure of the legal person from one to three years, and, in the event of repetition of the crime, the legal person shall be dissolved.
Note 1 - The manager of a legal person dissolved under clause "b" of this Article shall not, for three years, have the right to found, represent, decide for, or supervise any other legal person.
Note 2 - Damages to the private complainant shall be compensated from the property of the legal person. Where the property of the legal person alone is insufficient, the difference shall be compensated from the property of the perpetrator.
Article (22) Access service providers are required, in accordance with the technical criteria and the list prescribed by the Committee for Determining Instances referred to in the following Article, to filter criminal content, whether content arising from computer crimes or content used for the commission of computer crimes.
Where they deliberately refrain from filtering criminal content, they shall be dissolved, and where, through carelessness or negligence, they provide the grounds for access to unlawful content, they shall, for a first offense, be sentenced to a cash fine of from twenty to one hundred million Rials, for a second offense, to a cash fine of from one hundred million to one billion Rials, and for a third offense, to temporary closure from one to three years.
Note "1" Where criminal content belongs to the websites of public institutions, including bodies under the supervision of the Supreme Leader and the three branches of the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, and non-governmental public institutions subject to the Law on the List of Non-Governmental Public Institutions and Entities approved on 0333/1/09 and its subsequent amendments, or belongs to parties, associations, political and guild societies, and Islamic societies, or to recognized religious minorities, or to other natural or legal persons present in Iran whose identity and means of contact can be established, then, upon the order of the judicial authority handling the case and the immediate removal of the criminal content by the operators, the said website shall not be filtered pending the issuance of a final judgment.
Note "2" The filtering of criminal content that is the subject of a private complaint shall be carried out upon the order of the judicial authority handling the case.
Article (23) The Judiciary is required, within one month from the date this Law is approved, to form the Committee for Determining Instances of Criminal Content at the office of the Prosecutor General.
The members of the Committee shall be composed of the minister or a representative of the Ministries of Education, Communications and Information Technology, Intelligence, Justice, Science, Research and Technology, Culture and Islamic Guidance, the head of the Islamic Propagation Organization, the head of the Broadcasting Organization, the commander of the Police Force, one expert in information and communication technology selected by the Industries and Mines Commission of the Islamic Consultative Assembly, and one representative of the Islamic Consultative Assembly selected by the Legal and Judicial Commission and approved by the Islamic Consultative Assembly.
The chairmanship of the Committee shall be held by the Prosecutor General.
Note 1- The Committee's sessions shall be duly constituted at least once every fifteen days, with the attendance of seven voting members, and the Committee's decisions shall be valid by relative majority of those present.
Note 2- The Committee is required to review and decide upon complaints regarding filtered instances. The Committee's decision is final.
Note 3- The Committee is required to submit a report every six months on the progress of criminal-content filtering to the heads of the three branches of government and the Supreme National Security Council.
Article (24) Hosting service providers are required, immediately upon receiving an order from the Committee for Determining Instances referred to in the preceding Article, or from the judicial authority handling the case, stating that criminal content exists in their computer systems, to prevent further access to it.
Where they deliberately refrain from carrying out the order of the Committee or the judicial authority, they shall be dissolved.
Otherwise, where, through carelessness or negligence, they provide the grounds for access to the said criminal content, they shall, for a first offense, be sentenced to a cash fine of from twenty to one hundred million Rials, for a second offense, to one hundred million to one billion Rials, and for a third offense, to temporary closure from one to three years.
Note - Hosting service providers are required, as soon as they become aware of the existence of criminal content, to inform the Committee for Determining Instances thereof.
Article (25) Anyone who, without legal authorization, uses international bandwidth for establishing internet-protocol-based telecommunications from outside Iran into the country or vice versa shall be sentenced to imprisonment from one to three years, or a cash fine of from one hundred million to one billion Rials, or both penalties.
Chapter Seven - Other Crimes
Article (26) Anyone who commits the following acts shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to one year, or a cash fine of from five to twenty million Rials, or both penalties.
a- Producing, publishing, distributing, or trading data, software, or any type of electronic tool used solely for the purpose of committing computer crimes.
b- Selling, publishing, or making available a password or any data that enables unauthorized access to data or computer or telecommunication systems belonging to another.
c- Teaching the method of committing the crimes of unauthorized access, unauthorized interception, computer espionage, and damage to or disruption of data or computer and telecommunication systems.
Note - Where the offender has made the commission of the above acts his/her profession, he/she shall be sentenced to the maximum of both punishments prescribed in this Article.
Chapter Eight - Aggravation of Punishments
Article (27) In the following cases, the offender shall, as applicable, be sentenced to more than two-thirds of the maximum of one or both of the prescribed punishments.
a- Where any of the employees and staff of offices and organizations, or councils, or municipalities, and state-owned or state-affiliated institutions and companies, or revolutionary institutions and foundations and institutions administered under the supervision of the Supreme Leader, and the Court of Audit and institutions administered with the continuous assistance of the government, or persons holding judicial rank, and, in general, the members and staff of the three branches of government, as well as the armed forces and persons in public service, whether official or unofficial, commit a computer crime in connection with the performance of their duties.
b- The lawful operator or possessor of computer or telecommunication networks who commits a computer crime in connection with his/her occupation.
c- The data or computer or telecommunication systems belong to the government or to institutions and centers providing public services.
d- The crime is committed in an organized manner.
e- The crime is committed on a wide scale.
Article (28) In the event of repetition of the crime more than twice, the court may deprive the offender of public electronic services, such as internet subscription, mobile telephone, obtaining a top-level national domain name, and electronic banking.
a- Where the term of imprisonment for that crime is from ninety-one days to two years, deprivation from one month to one year.
b- Where the term of imprisonment for that crime is from two to five years, deprivation from one to three years.
c- Where the term of imprisonment for that crime exceeds five years, deprivation from three to five years.
Part Two - Rules of Procedure
Chapter One - JurisdictionArticle (29) In addition to the cases provided for in other laws, the courts of Iran shall also have jurisdiction to hear the following cases.
a- Where criminal data, or data used for the commission of the crime, is, in any manner, stored in computer or telecommunication systems or data carriers located within the land, sea, or air sovereign territory of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
b- Where the crime is committed through websites having a top-level domain under the Iranian country code.
c- Where the crime is committed by any Iranian or non-Iranian outside Iran against computer or telecommunication systems and websites used by, or under the control of, the three branches of government or the Leadership institution, or official representations of the state, or any institution or organization providing public services, or is committed on a wide scale against websites having a top-level domain under the Iranian country code.
d- Computer crimes involving the abuse of persons under 08 years of age, whether the perpetrator or the victim is Iranian or non-Iranian.
Article (30) Where a computer crime is discovered or reported in a location, but the place where it was committed is not known, the prosecutor's office of the place of discovery shall be required to conduct the preliminary investigation.
Where the place of commission of the crime cannot be determined, the prosecutor's office shall, upon completing the investigation, issue the appropriate order, and the relevant court shall likewise render the appropriate judgment.
Article (31) The Judiciary is required, to the extent necessary, to designate a branch or branches of the prosecutor's offices, the general and revolutionary courts, the military courts, and the courts of appeal for hearing computer crimes.
Note - The judges of the said prosecutor's offices and courts shall be selected from among judges who have the requisite familiarity with computer matters.
Article (32) In the event a dispute arises as to jurisdiction, the resolution of the dispute shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure for the General and Revolutionary Courts.
Chapter Two - Collection of Electronic Evidence
Section One - Retention of Data
Article (33) Access service providers are required to retain traffic data for at least six months after its creation, and user information for at least six months after termination of the subscription.
Note 1 - Traffic data is any data that computer systems generate within the chain of computer and telecommunication communications so as to make it possible to trace them from origin to destination.
This data includes information such as the origin, route, date, time, duration, and volume of the communication, and the type of related service.
Note 2 - User information is any information concerning a user of access services, such as the type of service, the technical facilities used and their duration, identity, geographic or postal address or IP address, telephone number, and other personal particulars.
Article (34) Domestic hosting service providers are required to retain their users' information for at least six months after termination of the subscription, and the stored content and traffic data resulting from changes made for at least fifteen days.
Section Two - Immediate Preservation of Stored Computer Data
Article (35) Where the preservation of stored computer data is necessary for an investigation or trial, the judicial authority may issue an order for its protection to persons who, in any manner, have possession or control of it.
In urgent circumstances, such as a risk of the data being damaged, altered, or lost, judicial officers may, on their own authority, issue the preservation order and shall report the matter to the judicial authority within a maximum of 14 hours.
Where any government employee, judicial officer, or other person refrains from carrying out this order, or discloses protected data, or informs the persons to whom the said data relates of the contents of the order issued, judicial officers and government employees shall be sentenced to the punishment for refusal to comply with an order of the judicial authority, and other persons shall be sentenced to imprisonment from ninety-one days to six months, or a cash fine of from five to ten million Rials, or both penalties.
Note 1 - The preservation of data does not amount to its provision or disclosure and is subject to compliance with the relevant regulations.
Note 2 - The maximum period for the preservation of data is three months, and it may, if necessary, be extended by order of the judicial authority.
Section Three - Provision of Data
Article (36) The judicial authority may order the provision of the protected data referred to in Articles (34), (33), and (31) above to the said persons so that it may be made available to judicial officers.
Anyone refusing to comply with this order shall be sentenced to the punishment prescribed in Article (31).
Section Four - Search and Seizure of Data and Computer and Telecommunication Systems
Article (37) The search and seizure of data or computer and telecommunication systems shall be carried out pursuant to a judicial order and in cases where there is strong suspicion of the discovery of a crime, the identification of a suspect, or evidence of a crime.
Article (38) The search and seizure of data or computer and telecommunication systems shall be carried out in the presence of the lawful possessors or persons who, in any manner, have lawful control over them, such as system operators.
Otherwise, the judge shall, stating the reasons, issue an order for search and seizure without the presence of the said persons.
Article (39) The search and seizure order must include information that assists in its proper execution, including whether the order is to be executed on-site or elsewhere, the particulars of the location and scope of the search and seizure, the type and amount of data sought, the type and number of hardware and software, the manner of accessing encrypted or deleted data, and the approximate time for carrying out the search and seizure.
Article (40) The search of data or computer and telecommunication systems includes the following measures:
a- Accessing all or part of the computer or telecommunication systems.
b- Accessing data carriers such as diskettes, compact discs, or memory cards.
c- Accessing deleted or encrypted data.
Article (41) In the seizure of data, with due regard to the proportionality, type, importance, and role of the data in the commission of the crime, it shall be carried out by methods such as printing the data, copying or imaging all or part of the data, rendering the data inaccessible by methods such as changing the password or encryption, and confiscating the data carriers.
Article (42) Computer or telecommunication systems shall be seized under the following circumstances:
a- Where the stored data is not readily accessible or is of a large volume,
b- Where the search and analysis of the data is not possible without the hardware system,
c- Where the lawful possessor of the system has given consent,
d- Where copying the data is not technically feasible,
e - Where searching on-site would cause damage to the data,
f- Other circumstances as determined by the judge.
Article (43) The seizure of computer or telecommunication systems, commensurate with their type, importance, and role in the commission of the crime, shall be carried out by methods such as changing the password so as to prevent access to the system, sealing the system in place, and confiscating the system.
Article (44) Where, during the execution of a search and seizure order, it becomes necessary to search data related to the crime committed on other computer or telecommunication systems under the control or possession of the accused, judicial officers shall, upon order of the judicial authority, extend the scope of the search and seizure to the other systems and shall search or seize the data sought.
Article (45) The seizure of data or computer or telecommunication systems that would result in loss of life, severe financial damage to persons, or disruption of the provision of public services is prohibited.
Article (46) Where the original data is seized, the interested party has the right, upon payment of the cost, to receive a copy thereof, provided that the provision of the seized data is not contrary to the confidentiality of the investigation, does not harm the course of the investigation, and the data is not itself criminal.
Article (47) In cases where the original data or computer or telecommunication systems are seized, the judge is required, having regard to the type and quantity of the data and the type and number of the hardware and software concerned and their role in the crime committed, to determine their disposition within a reasonable and appropriate period.
Article (48) An aggrieved party may submit a written objection, together with the reasons, within ten days, to the judicial authority that issued the order, regarding the operations and measures of the officers in seizing data and computer and telecommunication systems.
Such a request shall be reviewed out of turn, and the decision taken thereon shall be subject to objection.
Section Five - Interception of the Content of Computer Communications
Article (49) The interception of the content of non-public communications being transmitted over computer or telecommunication systems shall be governed by the regulations concerning the interception of telephone conversations.
Note - Access to the stored content of non-public communications, such as email or text messages, is deemed to be interception and is subject to compliance with the relevant regulations.
Chapter Three - Other Provisions
Article (53) For the purpose of enhancing international cooperation in the field of computer crimes, the Ministry of Justice is required, in cooperation with the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, to take the necessary measures for drafting bills and pursuing related matters for Iran's accession to international and regional instruments and treaties concerning bilateral or multilateral judicial cooperation and assistance.
Article (54) In cases where a computer or telecommunication system has been used as the instrument for committing a crime, and this Law does not provide a punishment for the said act, the relevant criminal laws shall apply.
Note - In cases where Part Two of this Law does not provide specific procedural rules for handling computer crimes, the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall apply.
Article (55) The amount of the cash fines under this Law may be adjusted once every three years, based on the official inflation rate as announced by the Central Bank, upon the proposal of the Head of the Judiciary and the approval of the Council of Ministers.
Article (56) The Ministry of Justice is required, within six months from the date this Law is approved, in cooperation with the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, to prepare the bylaws relating to the collection and admissibility of electronic evidence, which shall be approved by the Head of the Judiciary.
Article (57) Laws and regulations contrary to this Law are repealed.
Part Three - Other Provisions
Article (53) For the purpose of enhancing international cooperation in the field of computer crimes, the Ministry of Justice is required, in cooperation with the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, to take the necessary measures for drafting bills and pursuing related matters for Iran's accession to international and regional instruments and treaties concerning bilateral or multilateral judicial cooperation and assistance.Article (54) In cases where a computer or telecommunication system has been used as the instrument for committing a crime, and this Law does not provide a punishment for the said act, the relevant criminal laws shall apply.
Note - In cases where Part Two of this Law does not provide specific procedural rules for handling computer crimes, the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure shall apply.
Article (55) The amount of the cash fines under this Law may be adjusted once every three years, based on the official inflation rate as announced by the Central Bank, upon the proposal of the Head of the Judiciary and the approval of the Council of Ministers.
Article (56) The Ministry of Justice is required, within six months from the date this Law is approved, in cooperation with the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, to prepare the bylaws relating to the collection and admissibility of electronic evidence, which shall be approved by the Head of the Judiciary.
Article (57) Laws and regulations contrary to this Law are repealed.